Referencing Harvard Free Essays

string(44) " Sometimes there are grounds for hostility\." It is important to show your reader that you have sought out expert, reliable sources to help support and develop your thinking, and this is done through referencing. The preferring in your assignment: demonstrates good research conduct shows the range of ideas and approaches you have found and thought about acknowledges the sources of those ideas tells your reader where they can locate those sources. Referencing also helps you to avoid plagiarism. We will write a custom essay sample on Referencing Harvard or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you present someone else’s ideas as if they are your own work, or use the exact same language they use without acknowledgment, you are committing plagiarism. Plagiarism can be unintentional due to poor referencing, but the consequences are always serious. Accurate referencing helps you to avoid this. For more information on avoiding plagiarism, visit http://resource. Unions. Du. AU/course/view. PH? Id=1 572 Every time you include words, ideas or information from a source – whether it’s a website, book or Journal article – in your assignment, you must include an in-text reference to show that this content has been gathered from somewhere else. In-text references must be included whenever you: 0 0 0 0 paraphrase someone else’s ideas in your own words summaries someone else’s ideas in your own words quote someone else’s ideas in their exact words copy or adapt a diagram, table or any other visual material. For each source that you reference in-text, you must also create an entry in the preference list at the end of the assignment. 2 How do we reference? There are two components to a Harvard reference: 1) an in-text reference in the body of your assignment Cabochon (2008) explores a range of themes and ideas†¦ ) full reference details in your reference list Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. 1) In-text references An in-text reference is provided each time you refer to ideas or information from another source, and includes the following details: 0 0 the author’s family name (do not include given names) [authoring body or organization the year of publication pa ge numbers where applicable. There are two main ways to present an in-text reference, as shown below. One way gives prominence to the information by placing the reference at the end of your sentence in brackets: Universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change (Folio 2010, p. 2). Another way gives prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence, with the author’s name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets: Folio (2010, p. 2) argues that universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change. Including page numbers Page numbers are included when you: pacific page or pages refer to tables, figures, images or present specific information like dates/statistics. Habeas (2007, p. 48) notes that the novelist ‘draws on an established tradition of appropriating the waning for various social and political purposes’. If you do these things for a source without pages – e. G. A website – then Just author and year will suffice. 2) The reference list The reference list provides full bibliographic details for all the sources referred to in your assignment so that readers can easily locate them. Each different source referenced in your essay must have a matching entry in your reference list. It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists everything you may have read, while a reference list is deliberately limited to those sources for which you have provided in-text references. A bibliography is not needed unless spec ifically requested by your lecturer. The reference list is titled References and is: 0 arranged alphabetically by author’s family name (or title/sponsoring organization where a source has no author) a single list where books, Journal articles and electronic sources are listed together (see sample reference list on p. 6 of this guide). The main elements required for all references are the author, year, title and publication information. Single line spacing required Judd, D, Assistant, K David, GM 2010, A history of American nursing: trends and eras, Jones and Bartlett, London. Candler, PM, Patton, JAG, Coleman, RE, Egotistical, A, Hackers, FIG Hoofer, BP 1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams Wilkins, Baltimore. Whitewater, R 2009, ‘How can nursing intervention research reduce the research-practice gap? , Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, Volvo. 41, no. 4, up. 7- 15. Leave space between each entry No indentation required in second or subsequent lines of an entry An extract from an essay using the Harvard referencing system Essay extract The literal adaptation of a book to film is practically impossible. As Steam (AAA, p. 4) suggests: The shift from a single-track verbal medium such as the novel to a multi- track medium like film, which can play not only with words (written and spoken) but also with music, sound effects, and moving bibliographic images, explains the unlikelihood and undesirability of literal fidelity. Comments Always provide author, year and page number(s) when quoting. Quotes longer than thirty words are indented both sides, and are one font size smaller. Ellipsis (†¦ Shows one or more words have been omitted. It is puzzling, then, that readers and audiences are so critical of adaptations which take liberties, sometimes for the better, with their source material. Film adaptations of novels are frequently ‘castigated and held to an absurdly rigorous standard of fidelity (Steam Bibb, p. 15). If key scenes from a novel are pruned for film, audiences often react negatively. However, fidelity is not an appropriate measure for evaluating a film adaptation’s success, as numerous scholars concur (Despond ; Hawkers 2006; Letch 2008; McFarland 1996; Miller ; Steam 2004). Judging film adaptations is ultimately, Whelan (1999, p. ) contends, ‘an inexact science dogged by value judgments about the relative artistic worth of literature and film’. A fan of a novel might denigrate a film adaptation which alters the original book in some fashion, but their response is highly subjective and fails to take into account the practices and realities of film production (McFarland 2007, p. 26). Sometimes there are grounds for hostility. You read "Referencing Harvard" in category "Papers" Author Alan Moore has witnessed a number of his complex graphic novels adapted into shallow Hollywood products, making him extremely critical of filmmakers and the filmmaker process (Assures 2009). However, this kind of attitude can be knee-Jerk and reactionary. Rather than being overly pedantic about textual faithfulness, it is best to approach film adaptations as re-interpretations of their source material (Hutchison 2006, p. 8) or as ‘a permutation of text, an intellectuality (Scariest, cited in Sanders 2006, p. 2). Moreover, new modes of production further complicate existing definitions of, and approaches to, adaptation (Moore, MR. 2010, p. 180). So The letters ‘a’ and ‘b’ have been added to the years here and above to distinguish between different sources by the same author (Steam) published in the same year. Several sources cited at once. Quotes shorter than thirty words are enclosed in single quotation marks. Always provide author, year and page number(s) when paraphrasing a printed source. Internet documents require the same information for the in-text reference (author and year). No page number for electronic sources unless available. Quote from Scariest found in Sanders’ work. If authors have similar surnames, include first initials in reference to avoid confusion. 5 References Assures, S 2009, Why Alan Moore hates comic-book movies’, Total Film, 2 February, viewed 5 December 2010, . Despond,J Hawkers, P 2006, Adaptation: studying film and literature, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Hutchison, L 2006, A theory of adaptation, Rutledge, New York. Letch, T 2008, ‘Adaptation studies at a crossroads’, Adaptation, Volvo. 1, no. 1, up. 63-77. McFarland, B 1996, Novel to film: an introduction to the theory of adaptation, Oxford University Press, New York. ? 2007, ‘Reading film and literature’, in D Cartel I Whelan (des), The Cambridge companion to literature on screen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, up. 15-28. Miller, T Steam, R (des) 2004, A companion to film theory, Blackwell Publishing, viewed 30 October 012, . Moore, MR. 2010, ‘Adaptation and new media’, Adaptation, Volvo. 3, no. 2, up. 179- 92. Sanders, J 2006, Adaptation and appropriation, Rutledge, New York. Steam, R AAA, ‘Introduction: the theory and practice of adaptation’, in R Steam A Orange (des), Literature and film: a guide to the theory and practice of film adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, up. 1-52. ? Bibb, Literature through film: realism, magic, and the art of adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden. Whelan, 1 1999, ‘Adaptations: the contemporary dilemmas’, in D Cartel I Whelan (des), Adaptations: from text to screen, screen to text, Rutledge, London, up. -19. Online newspaper or magazine article Book with two authors Book Journal article Two works by same author, listed chronologically Dash used when more than one work by same author listed Chapter in an edited book Ebook. Two editors Journal article Book from which Serviette’s quote taken Two works by same author in s ame year, listed a and b based on alphabetical order of title of the work Dash used Please note: this extract is from an assignment written in the Humanities. Please refer to published work in your area of study for examples of referencing conventions pacific to your discipline. What if your source does not exactly match any of these examples? This guide of source you need to reference in the pages that follow, and construct your reference in that format using the example(s) provided to guide you. While this guide provides a wide range of examples, it is not possible to provide a model for every type of source you might use in your assignments. If you cannot find an exact match for the type of source you need to reference, find examples for similar sources and combine the elements to create the reference you need. For instance, the reference low is for a chapter in an edited document which was found online in PDF form. It has been created through combining aspects of the following types of references: a chapter in an edited book an online document in PDF form. Author/authoring body Year of publication Title of the chapter Editors Title of online document Drunkard, P 2012, ‘The integrated reporting Journey, in C Van deer Lust D Milan (des), Making investment grade: the future of corporate reporting, United Nations Environment Programmer, Dolomite and the Centre for Corporate Governance in Africa, up. 25-28, viewed 4 December 2012, . Publisher Page numbers of the chapter Date the document was viewed Internet address (URL) If you cannot find comparable reference types, always identify the following components of the source, and arrange them in the order below: author, editor, or authoring body/organization year of publication title publication information. Harvard referencing Unions – Examples Print Includes any materials created for publication in paper form Basic format: Author’s family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, Title of book, Author’s family name, followed by a comma and initial(s) of any given names, or authoring body. Year of publication, followed by a comma. Title of book in italics, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter in the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places, I. E. Lawrence of Arabia. Gordon, M 2009, Manual of nursing diagnosis, Jones Bartlett Publishers, Sturdy, Mass. Place of publication. If more than one place of publication is listed, give only the first listed. If there is another place with the same name, or if the place is little known, add the state or country (abbreviated), e. G. Texas, SLD, or Dully, SLD. Full stop at the end. Publisher, followed by a comma. Type of reference Book with 1 author (this can include a person or an authoring body, e. G. A sponsoring organization) In-text reference examples Cabochon (2008, p. 108) discusses. †¦ Was discussed in the study (Cabochon 2008, p. 108). †¦ A better world (Denied Green Consulting Services 2008, p. 5). Reference list examples Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. Denied Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realizing value from environmental and social performance, Denied Green Consulting Services, North Carlton, Victoria. Further information Type of reference Book with 2 or 3 authors In-text reference examples Campbell, Fox and De Swart (2010, p. 46) argue†¦ †¦ Alternatives are preferable (Campbell, Fox De Swart 2010, p. 46). Reference list examples Campbell, E, Fox, R De Swart, M 2010, Students’ guide to legal writing, law exams and self assessment, 3rd den, Federation Press, Sydney. As suggested by Hankie et al. (2006, p. 14)†¦ †¦ Has been suggested (Hankie et al. 2006, p. 14). Hankie, RE, Ova, D, Dillydally, GEL, Waltham, JAR, Shares, SMS, Wagner, RE ; Simmer, MS 2006, Nuclear medicine, 2nd den, Mossy Elsevier, Philadelphia. Book with no date or an approximate date This is emphasized by Seas (n. D. ) when†¦ This is emphasized by Seas (c. 2005) when†¦ Seas, R n. D. , Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. Seas, R c. 2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. 2nd or later edition of a book Borrowed and Thompson (2009, p. 33) explain†¦ †¦ Components of filmmaker (Borrowed ; Thompson 2009, p. 33). Scariest (1995) has achieved great currency since its translation. †¦ Is argued as the reason for this tension (Scariest 1995). Borrowed, D ; Thompson, K 2009, Film art: an introduction, 9th den, Mac-Gram Hill, New York. Translated book Scariest,J 1995, New maladies of the soul, trans. R Superman, Columbia University Press, New York. Further information When multiple authors’ names are included within your sentence (not in brackets) use the full spelling of ‘and’. When the authors’ names are in brackets or in the reference list, use ‘. When there are 4 or more authors, only use the first author’s name in-text followed by the abbreviation et al. But include all names in the reference list. If there is no date use n. D. If there is an approximate date use c. (this meaner ‘circa’ – Latin for ‘around/about’). The edition number comes erectly after the title in the reference list. Edition is not mentioned in-text. The translator’s name is not referenced in-text – it only appears after the title in the reference list. 9 Edited book reference examples Morrison (De. 2010) questions whether†¦ It is not clear whether this point supports his previous assertions (De. Morrison 2010). Reference list examples Morrison, D (De. ) 2010, The Cambridge companion to Socrates, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Further information When the editor’s name is included within your sentence (not in brackets) place De. In the brackets following their name. When the editor’s name is in brackets, put De. Before their name. When editors’ names are included within your sentence (not in brackets) use the full spelling of ‘and’. When their names are in brackets or in the reference list, use ‘. Note the use of ‘des’ (no full stop) for multiple editors. When there are 4 or more editors, only use the first editor’s name in-text followed by the abbreviation et al. But include all names in the reference list. Edited (De. ), revised (rev. ) or compiled (come. ) book with 2 or 3 editors Greenberg, Pollard and Salubrious (des 2011) are interested in providing a ramekin for†¦. . Is included in this framework (des Greenberg, Pollard ; sailplanes 2011). Greenberg, F, Pollard, N ; Salubrious, D (des) 2011, Occupational therapies without borders: towards an ecology of occupation-based practices, Volvo. 2, Churchill Livingston Elsevier, Edinburgh. Edited book with 4 or more editors In their collect ion of essays, Barnett et al. (des 2006) explore†¦ †¦ Is explored throughout (des Barnett et al. 2006). Barnett, T, Beriberi, N, Harder, S, Hooking, R ; Outlook, G (des) 2006, London was full of rooms, Lathrup Press, Adelaide. 10 Chapter in an edited book Basic format: Author’s family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, ‘Title of chapter’, in Editor’s Initial(s) plus family name (De. ), Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, up. X-xx. Author’s family name, followed by a comma and initial(s) of any given names, or authoring body. Year of publication, followed by a comma. Title of the chapter in single inverted commas, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter of the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places. Initial(s) and family name of the books editor, followed by (De. ) for one editor and (des) for multiple editors. How to cite Referencing Harvard, Papers

Sample on Interpersonal Communication & Everyday Encounters

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal Communication for Everyday Encounters. Answer: Introduction: Communication is undoubtedly one of the most important skills that a person at the managerial level should possess. As commented by Arnold and Boggs, (2015), a person involved in the management of a company understands the complexities that are involved in the process of management. Therefore, developing better communication abilities is indeed important. The aim of this study is to diagnose the key areas of communication. In order to evaluate it, a number of diagnostics tools will be used. It is based on the analysis two communication issues will be identified. Theories of inter personal communication will be developed and based on the understanding an action plan will be made. Diagnosis and reflection: In order to conduct the self evaluation process, a number of diagnostic tools have been used that has helped in evaluation of self. 5 Diagnostic tools have been used for the self analysis. These tools are Johari Window, Communications Style Questionnaire, Assertiveness Questionnaires, Quinn Management Questionnaire, the ESCI (Emotional Intelligence). The Johari window has helped me to understand my position and relationship with others (Rice Nguyen, 2015). I have understood that I stay t the hidden area and that I have no knowledge about other people with whom I usually associate with. The Communication Style Questionnaire has helped me to understand the degree of comfort that I feel with others. In this respect, I would like to say that the diagnosis has helped me to understand that I do not feel comfortable with people in groups and at times, I often land up with some arguments with others if I stay in groups (West Turner, 2013). It has also happened at times that I felt very gui lty on the issues. Another important thing I would like to mention that many times I could not make eye contacts with others at the time of talking with them. Other diagnostic tools like the Self Assertiveness questionnaire helped me to analyze my behavior. With the detailed analysis, I have understood that I am self sufficient when it comes to decision making. I can say it that I can make prompt decision on various situations. This is one of the most vital characteristics that a leader should hold. I believe that I can analyze the situation well and can come to a prompt decision (Carbaugh, 2013). In this respect, I would like to mention that unlike others, I do not feel like taking others point of view into consideration but I feel more comfortable when I make decisions on my own. The Quinn Management Questionnaire test has helped me to understand my competences and how well I shall be able manage the situation of an organization. Here lies the importance of developing better communication techniques at the workplace (Pekerti Thomas, 2015). I have understood that it is important to understand the perspective of others because business is a collaborative approach and that major decisions should be made on understanding others perspective as well (Verba, 2015). From the emotional intelligence test, I can say that I am not much concerned about others feelings and I generally focus on myself rather than thinking of others. Therefore, I think I need to improve my behavior as well as communication ability in order to create a better relationship with others. Personal experience: This part of the paper is based on my personal experience and the major issues of communications that I faced while dealing with people will be expressed here. Two such personal experiences will be narrated here. Once I went to a restaurant for a team dinner from my workplace. It was a Chinese restaurant. Personally I do not prefer to have Chinese food but as it was a group dinner, I did not say anything. However, a small dispute occurred at the time of ordering food. As I was not comfortable with all types of food item, my opinion with others did not match. In fact, we had an argument as well upon the food items to be ordered. I know that there was a fault from my end because I do not actually like to work on others perspective and I have a dominating characteristics. Therefore, from this understanding, I can say I lack in group communication and that I need to work on improving my group communication skills. Another incident took place when I went to a party organized by one of our clients. There were some other friends of the client as well as well. Two of his friends were Asian. I had very little knowledge about the culture and tradition of Asian. It was once I said something to one of those friends without any intension to hurt her. However, she was really hurt and even started crying. I felt very awkward and bad as well but then I realized that it was due to my insufficient knowledge about other cultures that I ended up in creating a mess situation. Therefore, I need to develop my cross-cultural communication as well. Two communication issues identified: With the detail analysis by using diagnostic tools and by professional experience as well, I can easily come down to two issues that I faced during communicating with people. Ineffective group communication: As it has been evident from both the reflective diagnosis as well as from the personal experience, I have understood that I have some issues related to group communication. I do not understand how to communicate with people when they remain together. I have good communication skills when it comes to talking with individual person but whenever there is a group and that I have to come down to a particular decision that shall address the decision making idea of all the members in the group. Therefore, I need to improve my group communication. Insufficient cross-cultural communication: Another important drawback of me in terms of communication issue is related to cross cultural communication. I have faced difficulties a lot of times while talking or dealing with people from other cultural backgrounds. I feel that it is important to have a basic knowledge about the culture of others in order to make an effective communication. However, I lack this quality and thus, there another communication issue that I face is definitely insufficiency related to cross cultural communication. Literature review This part of the paper carries out the literature review of understanding the importance of communication and the role that communication plays in a persons life. As it has been evident that the two major issues identified are ineffective group communication and lack of ability for cross cultural communication. Therefore, the literature review shall focus on these two issues. Models and theories of these concern issues will be discussed. It is on the basis of gaining knowledge from the literature review, an action plan can be developed that might help me to improve my communication activities with others. Concept of ineffective group communication: As stated by Berwick and Chomsky, (2015), any disruption or failure in the process of communication can be regarded as ineffective communication. Further Berwick and Chomsky, (2015) stated that language is the most pre dominant character when it comes to ineffective communication because communication takes place when there is an incoming and outgoing of messages (Kinloch Metge, 2014). Therefore, a message can be effective only when both the persons have understanding of the language. Theories of group communication: The functional theory of group communication talks about the outcome of an individuals skills and behavior. This theory focuses on the fact that an effective group communication helps to solve the problems and results in better decision making (Danziger, 2013). It has been pointed out that in order to develop a good group communication, it is important to have a critical approach towards decision making (Merkin, Taras Steel, 2014). Therefore, there are a number of factors that must be kept in check. For instance, a person should be committed to making best decision. Again, it has been pointed out that identifying the best suitable resources to carry out the communication is important (Harzing Pudelko, 2014). There are certain rules and interaction practices that one has to develop in order to be a part of the group communication. On the basis of understanding the situation, it is expected that a person should make the necessary adjustments and come down to a particular decision. Keeping the above perspective into consideration, it can be said that I have to be calm and patient when it comes to coming up to a particular conclusion. Therefore, it is important to be critical enough to understand the point of view of other members in the group and then only coming to a particular conclusion or decision. Symbolic Convergence Theory: The symbolic convergence theory is the sense making function of the communication process. Symbolic refers to both verbal and non-verbal communication while convergence states the meaning of the communication process (Hybels, 2014). The central idea of this theory is that in a group communication, some members are often found to come up with certain private code words that can only be decoded if the other members of the group understand the signs and symbols of that particular person (Chaney Martin, 2013). It is only when there remains chain connectivity with the members of a group, the communication process can be successful (Pennycook, 2014). In this respect, I have to say that the symbolic codes are easily understandable among a friend group but if the same thing is considered in terms of professional field then the same approach might not be successful enough. However, a certain level of communication has to be made that will help to make the communication better. Concept of cross-cultural communication: As stated by West and Turner, (2013), culture is the way of thinking and living the way that also determines ones attitudes, values, norms and some beliefs. This norms and beliefs definitely vary from one person to the other and it is for the same reason acknowledging about the culture of others will definitely help to carry out the communication well. Another important thing has been pointed out by Wood, (2015), that in the recent time, the impact of cross culture is much evident and it is for the same reason, one should have a clear understanding about others so as to carry out the communication process easily. Factors of ineffective cross cultural communication: Assumption of similarities: As pointed out by Beebe and Masterson, (2014), in a group communication sometimes the situation arises that a person among others assumes something about other person. This is one of the major reasons that create dispute among the members of a group (Thomas Peterson, 2014). Language differences: There remains a great possibility that there will be difference in the languages among the members of a group. With the difference in the language, there remains a great possibility that a member will be aware of the language of the other (Rahman Dijk, 2014). As evident, a communication cannot take place if the participants do not understand the language of others. Non-verbal misinterpretation: At times, it happen members in a group communicate with each other by some non-verbal means, with the use of some signs and symbols (Bochner, 2013). It is for the same reason there remains the possibilities of creating a dispute among the members. Thus, it is also important to understand the perspectives of others (Stacks Salwen, 2014). I have understood that in the era of globalization, there remains high possibility of the fact that one has to encounter with people from different cultural backgrounds. There remains a great possibility that some kind of dispute will occur if the collaboration level is not good enough among the members of a group. Therefore, it is very important to get a good level of knowledge and understanding about the culture of others as well. Conclusion: With the detail analysis on understanding the ineffective means of communication that I face in my life, I have understood that I need to develop my group communication and I have to increase my knowledge on understanding the culture of other people as well. The literature review carried out on understanding the topic has helped me to come up with an action plan that will certainly help me to develop my communication skills and at the same time would mold my behavior as well. Below mentioned are two action plans made to develop my behavior and skills to improve my communication with others. To develop my group communication: Factors Analysis S- Specific I have understood that in order to become a part of the corporate world, I have to be a part of many group communications because meetings and conversations are common in professional field and if do not develop my group communication ability, I would have to suffer. In order to develop my group communication, I would like to join some courses that would help me to improve my group communication. I would also read more books and journal articles just to increase my knowledge and understanding on how to develop my group communication. M- Measurable My development would be measured if I can comply with people easily. If I can easily overcome the issues that I face in the recent time then I could easily assume that I have developed my group communication. A- Achievable The objective is easily achievable if I devote some amount of time and focus on improving my group conversation. R- Relevant The objective is absolutely relevant because there is no doubt that we have to face other people either in group or might be individually. However, if we have a negative approach then problems will increase. T- Timely I think in order to cope up with this factor I would require a time frame of about 6 months. To increase my knowledge and understanding of cross-culture Factors Analysis S- Specific In order to increase my efficiency in terms of understanding about others culture, I have to increase my knowledge about the culture and tradition of others. I might enroll myself in a short course where I would get enough knowledge about different cultures and people of different countries. M- Measurable It is when I shall be able to deal with people from different backgrounds and that I would not face any trouble while communicating with people, I can ensure that I have improved my communication ability. A- Achievable The objective can be easily achieved if I focus on the learning process and devote at least 2 to 3 hours a day in gaining knowledge about others culture. R- Relevant The objective is absolutely relevant because in the era of globalization and cross-cultural impact, it is highly recommended to have some amount of knowledge and understanding about the culture of others. T- Timely In order to achieve this target, I think I will require a time of about 6-8 months. If I concentrate on my development, I can easily achieve the goals. I believe that if I follow this action plans, there remain a great possibility that the communication process will be carried on very effectively among the different members of a group even if there remains a cultural difference as well. References: Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Beebe, S. A., Masterson, J. T. (2014).Communicating in small groups: Principles and practices. Pearson Higher Ed. Berwick, R. C., Chomsky, N. (2015).Why only us: Language and evolution. MIT press. Bochner, S. (Ed.). (2013).Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction(Vol. 1). Elsevier. Carbaugh, D. (2013).Cultural communication and intercultural contact. Routledge. Chaney, L., Martin, J. (2013).Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Danziger, K. (2013).Interpersonal Communication: Pergamon General Psychology Series(Vol. 53). Elsevier. Harzing, A. W., Pudelko, M. (2014). Hablas vielleicht un peu la mia language? A comprehensive overview of the role of language differences in headquarterssubsidiary communication.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(5), 696-717. Hybels, S. (2014).Communicating effectively. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kinloch, P., Metge, J. (2014).Talking past each other: Problems of cross cultural communication. Victoria University Press. Merkin, R., Taras, V., Steel, P. (2014). State of the art themes in cross-cultural communication research: a systematic and meta-analytic review.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,38, 1-23. Pekerti, A. A., Thomas, D. C. (2015). The role of self-concept in cross-cultural communication.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,15(2), 167-193. Pennycook, A. (2014).The cultural politics of English as an international language. Routledge. Rahman, A., Dijk, E. (2014). Group communication for the constrained application protocol (CoAP).Group. Rice, W. S., Nguyen, H. B. (2015). Linguistic politeness: the backbone of cross-cultural communication within a second language environment. Stacks, D. W., Salwen, M. B. (Eds.). (2014).An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Routledge. Thomas, D. C., Peterson, M. F. (2014).Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Verba, S. (2015).Small groups and political behavior: A study of leadership. Princeton University Press. West, R., Turner, L. H. (2013). Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application (2013 Ed.). Wood, J. T. (2015).Interpersonal communication: Everyday encounters. Nelson Education.

Whats Eatting Gilbert Grape free essay sample

In contrast Becky is a very worldly person who has traveled to various places. She is very approachable, because of all her travels she has met all kinds of different people and seems to be able to adapt very well to new people. Becky is eager to learn about Gilbert and his family, because she has absorbed similar family dynamic in Gilbert’s family. In addition, Becky curiosity drives her to learn more about Gilbert’s life. Becky and her travel experience represent many different things in the film. Becky represents the future for Gilbert. She is something new that Gilbert has never experienced. When Becky shows up to Endora changes start happening to the small town. For example a new grocery store called Foodland and a fast food restaurant named Burger Barn introduced to the small town, and it started to change the town. The introduction of these two new place has allowed large chains to become more acceptable, than the traditional mom and pop shops, by the residents of Endora. We will write a custom essay sample on Whats Eatting Gilbert Grape or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The people of Endora realize the convenience of these two places bring to their town. This causes the new Endore and the old Endore are split in half. Representing big changes in the town and big changes that are going to help Gilbert in guiding his life. Becky intervenes in Gilberts life in many different ways. She teaches him to not be ashamed of Arnie and his mother Bonnie. For example when Gilbert and Arnie take Becky home from Lamson’s, and Arnie helps carry her grocery and then accidently drops them. Gilbert tells Arnie to say sorry, and Becky says, â€Å"don’t be sorry, I’m not sorry, are you sorry Arnie,† but Gilbert seems to get embarrassed for the slightest mistake Arine just made. Becky helps Gilbert understand that it is not Arnie fault, because no one has took the time to teach Arnie what is right from wrong. In addition Gilbert has no respect for his mother when taking Becky to see his house. When he talks about her he says offensive things such as beached whale, fat, and the comment about her being wedged into the house. Becky listens to him, and helps him opens his eyes to understand why his mother is that way. Becky taught Gilbert to respect his mother, and be proud of her regardless of her present situation. Becky is proud of Gilbert’s mom for going into the police station to get Arnie out of jail, because when Bonnie walks outside the town people are out their looking at her, and even photographs her. Becky says she is very proud of her and would like to meet her. By Becky telling him what a strong woman Bonnie is for doing what she did for Arnie, it starts to make Gilbert think differently about his mother, and takes Becky to meet her. This is the first time when Gilbert and his mother show any affection towards each other. Through out the movie Becky is able to show Gilbert things that he is unable to provide for himself. Before Becky, Gilbert has bottled up his aggression, and throughout the time he spends with Becky his aggression starts to subside. At one point of the movie Gilbert releases his anger the night Arnie did not what to take a bath. It helps Gilbert show emotion, something he thought he was not capable of, and lets him know he will not turn out like his father. In addition he starts to think outside the box, and starts thinking for himself. He allows himself to question his life, and the people around him helps him notice what is really important to him.

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools Arrowheads are the most easily identified type of archaeological artifact. Most people in the world recognize an arrowhead when they see one: It is a stone object which has been deliberately reshaped to be pointy on one end. Whether theyve personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays, or just watched them being shot into people in old western movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts called arrowheads are the remnants of a prehistoric hunting trip, the spent shotgun shells of the past. But why do archaeologists insist on calling them projectile points?   Arrowheads versus Projectile Points Archaeologists typically call what regular people call arrowheads projectile points, not because it sounds more academic, but because the shape of a pointy stone does not necessarily categorize it as something that was used at the end of an arrow shaft. Projectile is more inclusive than arrow. Also, in our long human history, we have used a wide variety of materials to put sharp points on the ends of projectiles, including stone, wood, bone, antler, copper, plant parts, and other raw material types : Sometimes we just sharpened the end of a stick. The purposes of projectile points have always been both hunting and warfare, but the technology has varied a great deal over the ages. The technology that made the first stone points possible was invented by our distant ancestor Homo erectus in Africa during the later Acheulean period, circa 400,000–200,000 years ago. This technology involved knocking bits of stone off a hunk of rock to create a sharp point. Archaeologists call this early version of stone-making the Levallois technique or Levalloisian flaking industry. Middle Stone Age Innovations: Spear Points During the Mousterian period of the Middle Paleolithic beginning around 166,000 years ago, Levalloisian flake tools were refined by our Neanderthal cousins and became quite numerous. It is during this period that stone tools were probably first attached to spears. Spear points, then, are projectile points that were attached to the end of a long shaft  and used to help hunt big mammals for food, either by hurling the spear at the animal  or by thrusting it into the animal at close range. Solutrean Hunter-Gatherers: Dart Points A great leap in hunting technology was made by Homo sapiens and occurred during the Solutrean part of the Upper Paleolithic period, about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. Known for great artistry in stone point production (including the delicate but effective willow leaf point), the Solutrean people are also probably responsible for the introduction of the atlatl or throwing stick. The atlatl is a sophisticated combination tool, formed out of a short dart shaft with a point socketed into a longer shaft. A leather strap hooked at the far end allowed the hunter to fling the atlatl over her shoulder, the pointed dart flying off in a deadly and accurate manner, from a safe distance. The sharp end of an atlatl is called a dart point. By the way, the word atlatl (pronounced either at-ul at-ul or aht-lah-tul) is the Aztec word for the throwing stick; when Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes landed on the eastern shore of Mexico in the 16th century CE he was greeted by atlatl-wielding individuals. True Arrowheads: The Invention of the Bow and Arrow The bow and arrow, a rather more familiar technological innovation to fans of John Wayne movies, also dates at least to the Upper Paleolithic, but it likely predates atlatls. The earliest evidence is 65,000 years old. Archaeologists usually call these arrow points, when they recognize them. All three types of hunting, the spear, the atlatl, and the bow and arrow, are used today by sportsmen around the world, practicing what our ancestors used on a daily basis. Sources Angelbeck, Bill, and Ian Cameron. The Faustian Bargain of Technological Change: Evaluating the Socioeconomic Effects of the Bow and Arrow Transition in the Coast Salish Past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36 (2014): 93–109. Print.Erlandson, Jon, Jack Watts, and Nicholas Jew. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 162–69. Print.Grund, Brigid Sky. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119.1 (2017): 104–19. Print.Maschner, Herbert, and Owen K. Mason. The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22.3 (2013): 133–38. Print.Vanpool, Todd L., and Michael J. OBrien. Sociopolitical Complexity and the Bow and Arrow in the American Southwest. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Revi ews 22.3 (2013): 111–17. Print. Whittaker, John C. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Eds. Iovita, Radu and Katsuhiro Sano. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. 65–74. Print.

Raul Castro Biography and Profile

Raul Castro Biography and Profile Raà ºl Castro (1931-) is the current President of Cuba and brother of Cuban Revolution leader Fidel Castro. Unlike his brother, Raà ºl is quiet and reserved and spent most of his life in his older brother’s shadow. Nevertheless, Raà ºl played a very important role in the Cuban Revolution as well as in the government of Cuba after the revolution was over. Early Years Raà ºl Modesto Castro Ruz was one of the  several illegitimate children born to sugar farmer Angel Castro and his maid, Lina Ruz Gonzlez. Young Raà ºl attended the same schools as his older brother but was neither as studious nor gregarious as Fidel. He was just as rebellious, however, and had a history of discipline problems. When Fidel became active in student groups as a leader, Raà ºl quietly joined a student communist group. He would always be as ardent a communist as his brother, if not more so. Raà ºl eventually became a leader himself of these student groups, organizing protests and demonstrations. Personal Life Raà ºl married his girlfriend and fellow revolutionary Vilma Espà ­n not long after the triumph of the revolution. They have four children. She passed away in 2007. Raà ºl leads an austere personal life, although there have been rumors that he may be an alcoholic. He is thought to despise homosexuals and reputedly influenced Fidel to jail them in the early years of their administration. Raà ºl has been consistently dogged by rumors that Angel Castro was not his real father. The most likely candidate, former rural guardsman Felipe Miraval, never denied nor confirmed the possibility. Moncada Like many socialists, Raà ºl was disgusted by the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. When Fidel began planning a revolution, Raà ºl was included from the start. The first armed action of the rebels was the July 26, 1953, attack on the federal barracks at Moncada outside of Santiago. Raà ºl, barely 22 years old, was assigned to the team sent to occupy the Palace of Justice. His car got lost on the way there, so they arrived late, but did secure the building. When the operation fell apart, Raà ºl and his companions dropped their weapons, put on civilian clothes, and walked out onto the street. He was eventually arrested. Prison and Exile Raà ºl was convicted of his role in the uprising and sentenced to 13 years in prison. Like his brother and some of the other leaders of the Moncada assault, he was sent to the Isle of Pines prison. There, they formed the 26th of July Movement (named for the date of the Moncada assault) and began plotting how to continue the revolution. In 1955 President Batista, responding to international pressure to release political prisoners, freed the men who had planned and carried out the Moncada assault. Fidel and Raà ºl, fearing for their lives, quickly went into exile in Mexico. Return to Cuba During their time in exile, Raà ºl befriended Ernesto â€Å"Chà ©Ã¢â‚¬  Guevara, an Argentine doctor who was also a committed communist. Raà ºl introduced his new friend to his brother, and the two hit it right off. Raà ºl, by now a veteran of armed actions as well as prison, took an active role in the 26th of July Movement. Raà ºl, Fidel, Chà ©, and new recruit Camilo Cienfuegos were among the 82 people who crowded on board the 12-person yacht Granma in November 1956 along with food and weapons to return to Cuba and start the revolution. In the Sierra Miraculously, the battered Granma carried all 82 passengers the 1,500 miles to Cuba. The rebels were quickly discovered and attacked by the army, however, and less than 20 made it into the Sierra Maestra Mountains. The Castro brothers soon began waging a guerrilla war against Batista, collecting recruits and weapons when they could. In 1958 Raà ºl was promoted to Comandante and given a force of 65 men and sent to the north coast of Oriente Province. While there, he imprisoned about 50 Americans, hoping to use them to keep the United States from intervening on behalf of Batista. The hostages were quickly released. Triumph of the Revolution In the waning days of 1958, Fidel made his move, sending Cienfuegos and Guevara in command of most of the rebel army, against army installations and important cities. When Guevara decisively won the Battle of Santa Clara, Batista realized he could not win and fled the country on January 1, 1959. The rebels, including Raà ºl, rode triumphantly into Havana. Mopping Up After Batista In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Raà ºl and Chà © were given the task of rooting out supporters of former dictator Batista. Raà ºl, who had already begun setting up an intelligence service, was the perfect man for the job: he was ruthless and totally loyal to his brother. Raà ºl and Chà © oversaw hundreds of trials, many of which resulted in executions. Most of those executed had served as policemen or army officers under Batista. Role in Government and Legacy As Fidel Castro transformed the revolution into government, he came to rely on Raà ºl more and more. In the 50 years after the revolution, Raà ºl served as head of the Communist Party, minister of defense, vice president of the Council of State, and many more important positions. He has generally been most identified with the military: he has been Cuba’s top-ranking military officer since soon after the Revolution. He advised his brother during times of crisis such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. As Fidel’s health faded, Raà ºl came to be considered as the logical (and perhaps the only possible) successor. An ailing Castro turned over the reins of power to Raà ºl in July 2006, and in January 2008 Raà ºl was elected president in his own right, Fidel having withdrawn his name from consideration. Many see Raà ºl as being more pragmatic than Fidel, and there was some hope that Raà ºl would loosen the restrictions placed on Cuban citizens. He has done so, although not to the extent that some expected. Cubans can now own cell phones and consumer electronics. Economic reforms were implemented in 2011 to encourage more private initiative, foreign investment, and agrarian reforms. He limited terms for president, and he will step down after his second term as president ends in 2018. Normalization of relations with the United States began in earnest under  Raà ºl, and full diplomatic relations were resumed in 2015. President Obama visited Cuba and met with  Raà ºl in 2016. It will be interesting to see who succeeds Raà ºl as President of Cuba, as the torch gets handed to the next generation. Sources Castaà ±eda, Jorge C. Compaà ±ero: The Life and Death of Che Guevara. New York: Vintage Books, 1997. Coltman, Leycester. The Real Fidel Castro. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003.

Analyzing of Organs for Sale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing of Organs for Sale - Essay Example Paying people for offering their kidneys would increase donors and this would save lives as opposed to waiting and wishing to get people to donate their kidneys voluntarily at no cost. The author poses a great question to support her argument that, if it is legal and right to pay men for giving out or donating sperm, why then is it hard to pay people for donating kidney? This question helps readers to think critically about why it would be great to donate body organs to save the society. The author concludes her article that, legalizing organ selling would benefit the society by saving thousands of lives. Overall, the article is great in content as the author does an outstanding job at giving facts to reinforce her points and convince readers why they should believe in her argument. The article creates a platform for readers to understand various benefits that would emerge in a society if the government regulated and emulated organ selling. This would save lives and eradicate the high rate of poverty especially in third world countries. From these points, it is evident that organ selling would be profitable for health and economic purposes. Additionally, the article is well-written and documented with facts that many people suffer from kidney disorders. For instance, the article highlights that over 300, 000 Americans suffer from kidney disorder. Unfortunately, most victims die since there are no drugs that revive a damaged kidney rather than replacing another kidney. At this point, the author argues that kidney transplantation is the best option to cure the disorder since it is reli able and safer than other treatment that may negatively affect the patients’ body. These facts outlay the benefits of kidney transplantation and why many people should opt for the idea. In great thoughts, the author uses facts to support her argument. For instance, she brings into attention that there is a surplus of kidneys especially in third countries

Coastal and Marine Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coastal and Marine Management - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that  individuals mostly from the coastal communities have a platform to undertake diverse economic activities. They essentially stand to benefit from the large number of people visiting the waterfront at any given time. Some of the economic activities that have been inspired by the presence of the waterfront include marine construction, collection of offshore minerals and precious stones for sale, ship and boat building and repair, marine transportation, selling ornaments and corals to visiting groups. These economic activities have made many youths who were idling in the streets find something of economic significance to do. Consequently, the economic activities have led to the growth of market centers and towns in regions with actively working waterfronts. Furthermore, such activities have promoted the long-term prosperity of coastal communities and their working waterfronts.This essay stresses that in light of strengths, the working waterfront has a steady flow of visitors throughout the year. This makes it a viable economic ground for any business venture. Furthermore, it provides a platform that attracts investors from both the local and foreign market hence is self-sustaining. Its future prospects are high given those visitors at the site keep on growing exponentially.  Given the large numbers of visitors coming in at any given time, there is need for regular maintenance to keep the waterfront working in season and out of season.